Looking at that, cannot see why the bridge rectifier failed just because you were using a dimmer, but dimmable LED systems usually have slightly more sophisticated circuitry to allow external dimmers to work with them.
IMHO not so sure I would any form of dimmer with the new one that has arrived.
To think that when I was doing A-level electronics in 1976 that LEDs were rare and expensive, and we used to build LED matrices, and something like the picture, the LEDs alone would have cost about £15 (average weekly wage about £100 back then), and we used to use the valve technology for numbers as it was cheaper.
How much we have progressed in over 40 years, thank heavens. For dimming we probably just put a piece of cloth over our eyes!!!